South Africa snips lions to manage species

On the cusp of sexual maturity, a young lioness is about to be sterilised. It's to prevent mating with her father and uncles, the only three wild males on this small South African reserve.

Such parks protect about 700 lions in South Africa alone, but the prides must be carefully managed to avoid overpopulation and in-breeding.

"Under natural circumstances, this would not happen because the males would have been displaced by other males," said manager Kevin Leo-Smith, hands on the wheel of an open-topped safari vehicle.

In large reserves, lions roam vast swathes of land, up to 12,000 hectares (30,000 acres).

Only the strongest survive, as prides fight for territory and compete against other predators for food. Smaller carnivores prey on cubs, and males can maul each other to death.

But the nine lions of Rietspruit game reserve have very little to fear.

Antelope abound on its 5,500-hectares near Kruger National Park, and there are too few hyenas, leopards or cheetahs to pose a threat.

The only three males are inseparable brothers who happily take turns with the females.

"The biggest problem is genetic diversity," said Leo-Smith. "Lions breed very fast."

Left to their own in such a plentiful setting, they would rapidly multiply, eat through the reserve and then move on to nearby cattle farms.

Nine is all the reserve can accommodate for now.

The lion mother is on birth control, and her four teenage daughters have to be spayed. The remaining older female has already been snipped.

- 'She's big!' -

Wildlife veterinarian Peter Rogers cocks his dart rifle and aims it at the four young lionesses elegantly strewn with their mother in the shade of a tree, bellies bulging with a zebra killed overnight. He settles on his target and pulls the trigger.

The startled pride grunts and disperses as a red-topped syringe filled with anaesthetic shoots into her neck.

One of her sisters pounces over and swats it to the ground. Ten minutes later she's fast asleep, unresponsive to her peers' nudges.

Rogers drives up to the tree, shoos away the others and sets to work.

The team moves swiftly, blindfolding the animal to protect her eyes and fitting her with a drip. They keep an eye on the horizon, as other lions lurk nearby, and heave the 140-kilogramme (300-pound) beast into a white four-wheel drive.

"She's big!" says one vet, huffing as she slams the boot shut and jumps into the front seat, barely glancing at the sleeping killer behind her.

The vehicle speeds through the reserve, lifting clouds of red dust and unsettling a tower of giraffe browsing treetops.

Two ostriches trail along for a few metres before it turns out the gate and takes the main asphalt road into town.

- 'Meta' population -

The surgery takes almost four hours, complicated by the lioness's swollen intestines.

"They had just eaten a zebra so... she had a full stomach. It just made the (operation) a lot more difficult," said Rogers, standing by the enclosure where the animal woke up retching and groggy from the anaesthetic.

"It's a very invasive technique," he conceded. "But as soon as you have got four fences around a place you have to manage it."

Conservationists and small reserve managers in 2010 set up a forum to manage their wild lions as a "meta population".

The Lion Management Forum South Africa (LiMF) oversees around 700 lions among 59 reserves. They mimic natural processes by controlling reproduction rates and swapping males.

Careful management has allowed the meta population to grow at a sustainable two percent per year. "If we didn't do the management... the population would be increasing at 22 percent per year," LiMF chair Sam Ferreira told AFP.

"Now that sounds really nice, but the trouble is we don't have lots of space for that in South Africa."

Globally, wild lions are disappearing fast, but South Africa has an abundant and growing population of around 3,500 -- about 17 percent of the world's total.

"Smaller reserves have increased the lion range in the last 30 years probably by 50 percent," said Leo-Smith.

Rietspruit's males will be replaced with younger lions when they age, and then some females will be taken off